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350.org is an international environmental organization encouraging citizens to action with the belief that publicizing the increasing levels of carbon dioxide will pressure world leaders to address climate change and to reduce levels from 400 parts per million to 350 parts per million. It was founded by author Bill McKibben with the goal of building a global grassroots movement to raise awareness about human-driven climate change, to confront climate change denial, and to cut emissions of carbon dioxide〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Our Team's History )〕 in order to slow the rate of global warming. 350.org takes its name from the research of Goddard Institute for Space Studies scientist James E. Hansen, who posited in a 2007 paper that 350 parts-per-million (ppm) of CO2 in the atmosphere is a safe upper limit to avoid a climate tipping point.〔“(Fact sheet: The need for mitigation. )" ''United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change''. June 2009. ''(Retrieved 2009-09-01.)''〕 ==Origins== 350.org was founded by author Bill McKibben〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=No Impact Man and the Idiotocracy – The Projectionist )〕 and a group of students from Middlebury College. McKibben is an American environmentalist and writer who wrote one of the first books on global warming for the general public, and frequently writes about climate change, alternative energy, and the need for more localized economies. The organizing effort drew its name from NASA climate scientist James Hansen's contention that any atmospheric concentration of CO2 above 350 parts per million was unsafe. James Hansen opined that "if humanity wishes to preserve a planet similar to that on which civilization developed and to which life on Earth is adapted, paleoclimate evidence and ongoing climate change suggest that CO2 will need to be reduced from its current 385 ppm to at most 350 ppm, but likely less than that."〔Hansen, J., et al. "(Target atmospheric CO2: Where should humanity aim? )" ''Open Atmospheric Science Journal'', 2, 217–231, 2008. ''(Retrieved i2009-09-01.)''〕 Carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, rose by 2.6 parts per million to 396 ppm in 2013 from the previous year (annual global averages).〔(NOAA trends )〕 It already crossed 400 ppm in May 2012 on monitors in the industrialized Northern Hemisphere's Arctic region.〔(Scientists: Carbon dioxode at highest level in 800,000 years ) May 31, 2012 (Seth Borenstein, Associated Press)〕 McKibben first started to organize against climate change with a walk across Vermont, his home state. His "Step It Up" campaign in 2007 involved 1,400 demonstrations at famous sites across the United States. McKibben credits these activities with making Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama change their energy policies during the presidential campaign. Starting in 2008, 350.org built upon the "Step It Up" campaign and made it into a global organization. Rajendra Pachauri, the UN's "top climate scientist" and leader of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has come out, as have others, in favor of reducing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide to 350 ppm. McKibben called news of Pachauri's embrace of the 350ppm target "amazing".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Great Beyond: Pachauri endorses 350ppm CO2 target )〕 Some media have indicated that Pachauri's endorsement of the 350 ppm target was a victory for 350.org's activism.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=UN Scientist Claims 350 PPM Is New Magic Number | Triple Pundit )〕 The organization had a lift in prominence after McKibben appeared on The Colbert Report television show on Monday August 17, 2009.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=ABC7.com Green Content – 350.org enjoys the 'Colbert bump' )〕 McKibben promotes the organization on speaking tours and by writing articles about it for many major newspapers and media, such as the Los Angeles Times and The Guardian. In 2012 the organization was presented with the 2012 Katerva Award for Behavioural Change.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://katerva.org )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「350.org」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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